MRP: Nathan Wright will - Revision history

ColinGreenstreet at 16:13, March 7, 2016

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ColinGreenstreet at 14:21, December 11, 2013

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ColinGreenstreet at 22:17, September 19, 2013

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Francescagreenstreet at 08:59, January 11, 2012

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Francescagreenstreet at 22:59, December 27, 2011

2011-12-27T22:59:23Z

Francescagreenstreet at 22:44, December 17, 2011

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Francescagreenstreet at 22:39, December 17, 2011

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Francescagreenstreet at 22:29, December 17, 2011

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ColinGreenstreet at 11:03, December 12, 2011

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ColinGreenstreet at 12:00, December 7, 2011

2011-12-07T12:00:39Z

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 In the period 1643-1658, Nathan Wright traded in a broad range of goods, as is revealed from a variety of sources, including letters of advice, Chancery court cases, and parliamentary records.  Prior to the Navigation Act of October 1651 Nathan Wright used Dutch as well as English shipping, as can be seen from parliamentary records of a case involving silks laden by Nathan Wright, Robert Burdett, and others at Messina, Naples and Leghorn bound for Amsterdam.<ref>'House of Commons Journal Volume 7: 3 February 1652', ''Journal of the House of Commons'', vol. 7: 1651-1660 (1802), pp. 79-83. URL: [WWW]http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=23943 Date accessed: 29 November 2011 </ref>  Letters of advice sent from Alicante, in Spain and elsewhere for the period 1648-1652 reveal exports of tobacco, XXXX, and XXXX by Nathan Wright and Robert Burdett from London to various Mediterranean destinations, including XXX, XXX, and XXX.<ref>For tobacco see: Letter 27: 'Leghorn. John Parsons (Alicante, 16-6-1648)' in José Ignacio Martínez Ruiz, Perry Gauci, ''Mercaderes ingleses en Alicante en el siglo XVII: estudio y edición de la correspondencia comercial de Richard Houncell & Co'' (XXXX, 2008), p. 137; for XXXX see: XXXX; for XXXX see: XXXX</ref>
-===Spanish connections===
+===Spanish connections of London merchant Nathan Wright and of his Madrid merchant brother and assentista Sir Benjamin Wright (Benjamin Ruit)===
 The two brothers, Nathan and Sir Benjamin Wright, had a strong orientation towards Spain.  Nathan was heavily involved in trade with Alicante, as is documented in a substantial number of letters sent to him or mentioning him and his firm in the period 1648-1651.<ref>José Ignacio Martínez Ruiz, Perry Gauci, ''Mercaderes ingleses en Alicante en el siglo XVII: estudio y edición de la correspondencia comercial de Richard Houncell & Co'' (Alicante, 2008), pp. 115-125</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:21, December 11, 2013
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−	'''Nathan Wright ~~will~~'''	+	'''PROB 11/274/558 Will of Nathan or Nathaniell Wright of Saint Olave Hart Street, City of London 27 April 1658'''

	PROB 11/274 Wootton 106-155 Will of Nathan or Nathaniell Wright of Saint Olave Hart Street, City of London 27 April 1658		PROB 11/274 Wootton 106-155 Will of Nathan or Nathaniell Wright of Saint Olave Hart Street, City of London 27 April 1658

@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 - See [http://www.archive.org/stream/visitationoflond17howa#page/n379/mode/2up 'Wright' in J.J. Jackson, J.L. Chester, The visitation of London, anno domine 1633, 1634, and 1635 (London, 1883), p. 371]
-(2) Confirm award and date of knighthood and baronetcy of benjamin Wright, Nathan Wright's younger brother
+(2) Confirm award and date of knighthood and baronetcy of Benjamin Wright, Nathan Wright's younger brother
 (3) Confirm award and date of knighthood of Nathan Wright's son-in-law, Robert Burdett

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-==Nathan Wright will==
+'''Nathan Wright will'''
 PROB 11/274 Wootton 106-155 Will of Nathan or Nathaniell Wright of Saint Olave Hart Street, City of London 27 April 1658
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 /11/11, CSG: Wrote abstract & context
 /12/11, CSG: Revised abstract & context
 ----
 ===Abstract & context===
-'''New Merchant?'''
+====New Merchant?====
 Nathan Wright has been described by Robert Brenner as a "New Merchant" and as one of the leaders of the alleged East Indies interloping "syndicate", which Brenner asserts was led by Maurice Thomson.  Brenner has also described Wright as one of Thomson's "old interloping partners", along with Thomas Andrewes, Nathaniel Andrewes, Jeremy Blackman, and Samuel Moyer, when characterising the Assada plantation joint stock in which Wright invested in February 1650.<ref>Robert Brenner, ''Merchants and revolution: commercial change, political conflict, and London's overseas traders, 1550-1653'' (Princeton, 1993), p. 612</ref>
@@ Line 17: / Line 20: @@
 This characterisation of Nathan Wright by Brenner as a "New Merchant" is misleading.  It fails to capture the nature of Wright's social background and his trading activities, and fails to position him and them in the competitive and risky world of mid-seventeenth century trade.
-'''Family background'''
+====Family background====
 Firstly, Nathan Wright came from a socially respectable background, from a family which had land, and whose sons studied at the inns of court and the universities as well as entering commercial life as London merchants.  Clarendon, writing of Nathan Wright's younger brother, the merchant Sir Benjamin Wright, called him "a gentleman of a good family in Essex.<ref>Edward Hyde, ''The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England, to which is added an historical view of the affairs of Ireland'', vol. 6 (Oxford, 1826), p. 500</ref>
@@ Line 37: / Line 40: @@
 His apprentices and sons-in-law were also drawn from wealthy and socially successful families. Two of his three sons-in-law were themselves merchants and his eldest daughter's two husbands were both possibly London lawyers.  For example, Robert Burdett, a former apprentice and later a commercial partner of Nathan Wright, was the second son of Sir Thomas Burdett, Bart.<ref>Daniel Lysons, 'County of Kent: Beckenham', ''The Environs of London'', vol. 4: Counties of Herts, Essex & Kent (London, 1796), pp. 291-306. URL: [WWW]http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45478 Date accessed: 29 November 2011; see also 'Letter book of merchants trading to Alicante, Spain', DRO: Burdett family of Foremark: estate, family and personal papers: Family and Business Papers D5054/12 c.1540 - c.1710: D5054/12/3 1648-1652; and José Ignacio Martínez Ruiz, Perry Gauci, ''Mercaderes ingleses en Alicante en el siglo XVII: estudio y edición de la correspondencia comercial de Richard Houncell & Co'' (XXXX, 2008), pp. 115-125 </ref>  Robert Burdett went on to marry Mary Wright, the second of Nathan Wright's three daughters, and Burdett was himself knighted in 16XX [REQUIRES CONFIRMATION].<ref>PROB 11/274 Wootton 106-155 Will of Nathan or Nathaniell Wright of Saint Olave Hart Street, City of London 27 April 1658; Robert Burdett's knighthood and its date requires confirmation</ref>  Nathan Wright's eldest daughter, Susan, married firstly Charles Potts Esquire, who was possibly a Middle temple bencher [OCCUPATION TBC], and subsequently Francis Drake Esquire, who was possibly also a lawyer of Middle Temple.<ref>Susan Wright's first husband, Charles Potts Esquire, was possibly a master of the bench of Middle Temple. See PROB 11/231 Brent 319-367 Will of Charles Potts of Middle Temple London 27 April 1653; Charles Potts was buried in the Temple Church.  See Henry George Woods (ed.), ''Register of burials at the Temple Church, 1628-1853'' (XXXX, 1905), p. 10.  A Mr. Francis Drake is mentioned in Middle Temple records: "Mr. Francis Drake shall have an assignment in the chamber in Middle Temple Lane belonging to his brother, Sir William Drake, who has an assignment therein, on paying 51. fine for admission, and 20 marks for the assignment" See Charles Henry Hopwood (ed.), ''Middle Temple Records: 1650-1703'', vol. 3 (London, 1905</ref>  Nathan Wright's third daughter, Alice, married the London merchant John ?Wolfrie.
-'''Commercial strategies and business approach'''
+====Commercial strategies and business approach====
 Secondly, Nathan Wright was pursuing a set of commercial strategies and approach to business building, which were common to many London based merchants in the 1640s and 1650s of quite varied social backgrounds and initial geographical interest.  Key was the ability of a London based merchant to combine transoceanic acquisition (whether Atlantic or Indian) of goods of varied sorts and to make sale of these in a variety of European countries and ports, of which England and London were only part.  Other merchants employed a similar strategy, but sourced their commodities closer to home, from ports on the Baltic and Mediterranean seas.  The ability to arbitrage prices for specific types of goods across different geographies is likely to have enhanced the overall profitability of a portfolio of trading ventures, and to have distinguished substantial merchants with staying power from those working a narrower geographical and product agenda.
@@ Line 53: / Line 56: @@
 In the period 1643-1658, Nathan Wright traded in a broad range of goods, as is revealed from a variety of sources, including letters of advice, Chancery court cases, and parliamentary records.  Prior to the Navigation Act of October 1651 Nathan Wright used Dutch as well as English shipping, as can be seen from parliamentary records of a case involving silks laden by Nathan Wright, Robert Burdett, and others at Messina, Naples and Leghorn bound for Amsterdam.<ref>'House of Commons Journal Volume 7: 3 February 1652', ''Journal of the House of Commons'', vol. 7: 1651-1660 (1802), pp. 79-83. URL: [WWW]http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=23943 Date accessed: 29 November 2011 </ref>  Letters of advice sent from Alicante, in Spain and elsewhere for the period 1648-1652 reveal exports of tobacco, XXXX, and XXXX by Nathan Wright and Robert Burdett from London to various Mediterranean destinations, including XXX, XXX, and XXX.<ref>For tobacco see: Letter 27: 'Leghorn. John Parsons (Alicante, 16-6-1648)' in José Ignacio Martínez Ruiz, Perry Gauci, ''Mercaderes ingleses en Alicante en el siglo XVII: estudio y edición de la correspondencia comercial de Richard Houncell & Co'' (XXXX, 2008), p. 137; for XXXX see: XXXX; for XXXX see: XXXX</ref>
-'''Spanish connections'''
+====Spanish connections====
 The two brothers, Nathan and Sir Benjamin Wright, had a strong orientation towards Spain.  Nathan was heavily involved in trade with Alicante, as is documented in a substantial number of letters sent to him or mentioning him and his firm in the period 1648-1651.<ref>José Ignacio Martínez Ruiz, Perry Gauci, ''Mercaderes ingleses en Alicante en el siglo XVII: estudio y edición de la correspondencia comercial de Richard Houncell & Co'' (Alicante, 2008), pp. 115-125</ref>
@@ Line 75: / Line 78: @@
 Nathan Wright's son, Benjamin, as the newly knighted Sir Benjamin Wright, accompanied Sir Richard Fanshawe on his embassy to the courts of Madrid in 1664.  The son had clearly been exposed to the Spanish trade during his early adulthood since Sir Richard's wife, Lady Fanshawe, described him in her memoirs of the embassy as her "interpreter."<ref>Anne Fanshawe, ''Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe: wife of Sir Richard Fanshawe, bart., ambassador from Charles the Second to the courts of Portugal and Madrid'' (London, 1830), p. 193</ref>
-'''Politics of the two merchant brothers'''
+====Politics of the two merchant brothers====
 The politics and quite possibly the religious beliefs of Nathan and Benjamin Wright were significantly different.  Whereas Nathan Wright was active in advancing money to parliament during the first civil war, Sir Benjamin Wright made his home in Madrid available to visiting senior royalists, including Lord Cottington and Sir Edward Hyde, between 1649 and 1651.<ref>Ronald Walter Harris, ''Clarendon and the English Revolution'' (Stanford, 1983), p. 199</ref>
@@ Line 189: / Line 192: @@
 THE WILL was proved att LONDON The Twentie Seaventh daye of Aprill In the yeare of our Lord God One thousand Six hundred ffiftie and Eight before the Judges for probate of Wills and granting Administrations lawfully authorized by the oathes of ffrancis Drake Esquire and John Wolfris Marchant Two of the Executors under certaine limitations named in the above written Will To whome Administration of all and singular the goods Chattells and debts of the said deceased was grannted and Committed they being first legallie sworne truly and faithfully to administer the same Power being first reserved to make like probate and grannt like Administration unto Robert Burdett the other Executor in trust when he shall come and in legall manner desire the same.
@@ Line 204: / Line 203: @@
 James Napper and James Napper junior are mentioned in Richard Houncell & Co.'s correspendence in the late 1640s & early 1650s, with their locations given as Dartmouth and Naples:
- "358. Nápoles.  James Napper junior (23-6-1649)
+"358. Nápoles.  James Napper junior (23-6-1649)
 . Dartmouth. James Naper (18-7-1649)"<ref>José Ignacio Martínez Ruiz, Perry Gauci, "Mercaderes ingleses en Alicante en el siglo XVII: estudio y edición de la correspondencia comercial de Richard Houncell & Co" (XXXX, 2008), pp. 118</ref>

@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 "15 May 1637.  182.  Nicholas Polhill versus Nathan Wright and James Napper..."<ref>Dorothy Olivia Shilton, Richard Holsworth, ''High Court of Admiralty examinations (ms. vol. 53) 1637-1638'', vol. 2 (XXXX, 1932), p. 75</ref>
-James Napper junior is mentioned in Richard Houncell & Co.'s correspendence in the late 1640s & early 1650s:
+James Napper and James Napper junior are mentioned in Richard Houncell & Co.'s correspendence in the late 1640s & early 1650s, with their locations given as Dartmouth and Naples:
   "358. Nápoles.  James Napper junior (23-6-1649)
@@ Line 400: / Line 400: @@
 SP 78/83 Order in Council concerning Nathan Wright and others residing at Bordeaux. 1628 Apr. 21
-SP 78/90 Nathan Wright to Geo. Rooks concerning the James. 1631 Aug. 26/Sept. 5
+SP 78/90 Nathan Wright to Geo. Rooks concerning the ''James''. 1631 Aug. 26/Sept. 5
 SP 89/5 Petition of the merchants trading to Portugal and those residing at Lisbon, asking for the appointment of Francis Lenthall as Consul General at Lisbon, in place of Thomas Maynard, who had been appointed by Cromwell, and Francis Holbech, who was a Roman Catholic. n.d. [? 1662] [London ? Lisbon ?]

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 Firstly, Nathan Wright came from a socially respectable background, from a family which had land, and whose sons studied at the inns of court and the universities as well as entering commercial life as London merchants.  Clarendon, writing of Nathan Wright's younger brother, the merchant Sir Benjamin Wright, called him "a gentleman of a good family in Essex.<ref>Edward Hyde, ''The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England, to which is added an historical view of the affairs of Ireland'', vol. 6 (Oxford, 1826), p. 500</ref>
-Nathan and Benjamin were younger sons of Robert Wright(e), who was admitted pensioner at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1571, graduating B.A. in 1574 and M.A. in 1578. Robert Wright is described in the ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (1885-1900) as "an ardent Calvinist," who "received ordination at Antwerp from Villiers or Cartwright in the Genevan form.<ref>Sidney Lee, 'Robert Wright (1556?–1624)' in ''Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900'', vol. 63, p.285. See http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wright,_Robert_%281560-1643%29_%28DNB00%29, viewed 30/11/11</ref>  Burke (1838) states that Robert Wright was the rector of the parish of Dennington, Suffolk for thirty-four years, dying in the year 1624.<ref>'Wrighte, of Cranham Hall' in John Burke, John Bernard Burke, ''A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies of England'' (London, 1838), p. 586; Robert Hawes, ''The history of Framlingham, in the county of Suffolk: including brief notices of the masters and fellows of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, from the foundation of the college, to the present time'' (?London, 1798), p. 441</ref>  According to Burke, who spells the Cranham Hall branch family name as "Wrighte", Nathan Wright was the second of four brother; the eldest being a thrice married barrister-at-law Euseby Wright, and the younger two being the merchant Sir Benjamin Wright and the cleric Ezekiel Wright.  This is consistent with the ''Visitation of Essex, 1552-1634'', in which the birth order of the brothers is shown as Euseby, Nathaniell, Benjamin, and Ezekiell, with a further four sisters, Mary (married to Robert Cooper, a London merchant), Eunice (married to Layny Rous of Bricklesey/Brightlingsea, Essex), Martha (married to John Borodale, of N/A, Essex), and Jane.<ref>'Wright, no. 2', in Walter C. Metcalfe (ed.), ''The visitations of Essex by Hawley, 1552; Hervey, 1558; Cooke, 1570; Raven, 1612; and Owen and Lilly, 1634. To which are added Miscellaneous Essex pedigrees from various Harleian manuscripts: and an appendix containing Berry's Essex pedigrees'' (London, 1878), pp. 532-534. See http://www.archive.org/stream/visitationsofess1314metc#page/n7/mode/2up, viewed 30/11/11</ref>  However, Hawes (1798), reproducing a primary manuscript, suggests that Nathan Wright was the fourth rather than the second son.<ref>Robert Hawes, ''The history of Framlingham, in the county of Suffolk: including brief notices of the masters and fellows of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, from the foundation of the college, to the present time'' (?London, 1798), p. 441</ref>
+Nathan and Benjamin were younger sons of Robert Wright(e), who was admitted pensioner at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1571, graduating B.A. in 1574 and M.A. in 1578. Robert Wright is described in the ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (1885-1900) as "an ardent Calvinist," who "received ordination at Antwerp from Villiers or Cartwright in the Genevan form."<ref>Sidney Lee, 'Robert Wright (1556?–1624)' in ''Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900'', vol. 63, p.285. See http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wright,_Robert_%281560-1643%29_%28DNB00%29, viewed 30/11/11</ref>  Burke (1838) states that Robert Wright was the rector of the parish of Dennington, Suffolk for thirty-four years, dying in the year 1624.<ref>'Wrighte, of Cranham Hall' in John Burke, John Bernard Burke, ''A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies of England'' (London, 1838), p. 586; Robert Hawes, ''The history of Framlingham, in the county of Suffolk: including brief notices of the masters and fellows of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, from the foundation of the college, to the present time'' (?London, 1798), p. 441</ref>  According to Burke, who spells the Cranham Hall branch family name as "Wrighte", Nathan Wright was the second of four brother; the eldest being a thrice married barrister-at-law Euseby Wright, and the younger two being the merchant Sir Benjamin Wright and the cleric Ezekiel Wright.  This is consistent with the ''Visitation of Essex, 1552-1634'', in which the birth order of the brothers is shown as Euseby, Nathaniell, Benjamin, and Ezekiell, with a further four sisters, Mary (married to Robert Cooper, a London merchant), Eunice (married to Layny Rous of Bricklesey/Brightlingsea, Essex), Martha (married to John Borodale, of N/A, Essex), and Jane.<ref>'Wright, no. 2', in Walter C. Metcalfe (ed.), ''The visitations of Essex by Hawley, 1552; Hervey, 1558; Cooke, 1570; Raven, 1612; and Owen and Lilly, 1634. To which are added Miscellaneous Essex pedigrees from various Harleian manuscripts: and an appendix containing Berry's Essex pedigrees'' (London, 1878), pp. 532-534. See http://www.archive.org/stream/visitationsofess1314metc#page/n7/mode/2up, viewed 30/11/11</ref>  However, Hawes (1798), reproducing a primary manuscript, suggests that Nathan Wright was the fourth rather than the second son.<ref>Robert Hawes, ''The history of Framlingham, in the county of Suffolk: including brief notices of the masters and fellows of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, from the foundation of the college, to the present time'' (?London, 1798), p. 441</ref>
 The eldest son of Rev. Robert Wright, Euseby, is described variously as  "Esquire" and "Gentleman" in primary documents.  For example, described as "Esquire" he appears with his father in a primary document dated 1615, which relates to land enclosure in Dennington.<ref>Suffolk Record Office: Dennington Parish Records: GENERAL FC 112/A  [n.d.]: Agreement FC 112/A4/1 1615.  See http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=173-fc112&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18#-1, viewed 30/11/11 </ref>  In the Lincoln's Inn entry book, recording his admission to Lincoln's Inn on January 25th, 1602/03, he is described  as "of Suff., gen., of Furnival's Inn."<ref>William Paley Baildon, ''The records of the honorable society of Lincoln's Inn'', vol. 1 (London, 1896), folio 138, p. 136</ref>  The arms of a Eusebius Wright are recorded in a nineteenth century history of the Inns of Court as appearing in the West window of Lincoln's Inn.<ref>Robert Richard Pearce, ''A history of the inns of court and chancery'' (London, 1848), p. 164</ref>  In the 1640s Euseby Wright appears in primary records as "Euseby Wright esq. of Great ('Much') Totham."<ref>Essex Record Office: Deeds of Barrow Hill farm, Goldhanger: D/DU 1675/1/2: '30 July 1646, Feoffment: (i) Euseby Wright esq. of Great(`Much') Totham to (ii) William Sidey gentleman of Little Totham</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:03, December 12, 2011
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	The politics and quite possibly the religious beliefs of Nathan and Benjamin Wright were significantly different. Whereas Nathan Wright was active in advancing money to parliament during the first civil war, Sir Benjamin Wright made his home in Madrid available to visiting senior royalists, including Lord Cottington and Sir Edward Hyde, between 1649 and 1651.<ref>Ronald Walter Harris, ''Clarendon and the English Revolution'' (Stanford, 1983), p. 199</ref>		The politics and quite possibly the religious beliefs of Nathan and Benjamin Wright were significantly different. Whereas Nathan Wright was active in advancing money to parliament during the first civil war, Sir Benjamin Wright made his home in Madrid available to visiting senior royalists, including Lord Cottington and Sir Edward Hyde, between 1649 and 1651.<ref>Ronald Walter Harris, ''Clarendon and the English Revolution'' (Stanford, 1983), p. 199</ref>
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		+	===Suggested links===
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@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 Firstly, Nathan Wright came from a socially respectable background, from a family which had land, and whose sons studied at the inns of court and the universities as well as entering commercial life as London merchants.  Clarendon, writing of Nathan Wright's younger brother, the merchant Sir Benjamin Wright, called him "a gentleman of a good family in Essex.<ref>Edward Hyde, ''The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England, to which is added an historical view of the affairs of Ireland'', vol. 6 (Oxford, 1826), p. 500</ref>
-Nathan and Benjamin were younger sons of Robert Wright(e), who was admitted pensioner at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1571, graduating B.A. in 1574 and M.A. in 1578.  He is described in the ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (1885-1900) as "an ardent Calvinist," who "received ordination at Antwerp from Villiers or Cartwright in the Genevan form.<ref>Sidney Lee, 'Robert Wright (1556?–1624)' in ''Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900'', vol. 63, p.285. See http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wright,_Robert_%281560-1643%29_%28DNB00%29, viewed 30/11/11</ref>  Burke (1838) states that Robert Wright, the father of Nathan and Benjamin, was the rector of the parish of Dennington, Suffolk for thirty-four years, dying in the year 1624.<ref>'Wrighte, of Cranham Hall' in John Burke, John Bernard Burke, ''A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies of England'' (London, 1838), p. 586; Robert Hawes, ''The history of Framlingham, in the county of Suffolk: including brief notices of the masters and fellows of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, from the foundation of the college, to the present time'' (?London, 1798), p. 441</ref>  According to Burke, who spells the Cranham Hall branch family name as "Wrighte", Nathan Wright was the second of four brother; the eldest being a thrice married barrister-at-law Euseby Wright, and the younger two being the merchant Sir Benjamin Wright and the cleric Ezekiel Wright.  This is consistent with the ''Visitation of Essex, 1552-1634'', in which the birth order of the brothers is shown as Euseby, Nathaniell, Benjamin, and Ezekiell, with a further four sisters, Mary (married to Robert Cooper, a London merchant), Eunice (married to Layny Rous of Bricklesey/Brightlingsea, Essex), Martha (married to John Borodale, of N/A, Essex), and Jane.<ref>'Wright, no. 2', in Walter C. Metcalfe (ed.), ''The visitations of Essex by Hawley, 1552; Hervey, 1558; Cooke, 1570; Raven, 1612; and Owen and Lilly, 1634. To which are added Miscellaneous Essex pedigrees from various Harleian manuscripts: and an appendix containing Berry's Essex pedigrees'' (London, 1878), pp. 532-534. See http://www.archive.org/stream/visitationsofess1314metc#page/n7/mode/2up, viewed 30/11/11</ref>  However, Hawes (1798), reproducing a primary manuscript, suggests that Nathan Wright was the fourth rather than the second son.<ref>Robert Hawes, ''The history of Framlingham, in the county of Suffolk: including brief notices of the masters and fellows of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, from the foundation of the college, to the present time'' (?London, 1798), p. 441</ref>
+Nathan and Benjamin were younger sons of Robert Wright(e), who was admitted pensioner at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1571, graduating B.A. in 1574 and M.A. in 1578. Robert Wright is described in the ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (1885-1900) as "an ardent Calvinist," who "received ordination at Antwerp from Villiers or Cartwright in the Genevan form.<ref>Sidney Lee, 'Robert Wright (1556?–1624)' in ''Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900'', vol. 63, p.285. See http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wright,_Robert_%281560-1643%29_%28DNB00%29, viewed 30/11/11</ref>  Burke (1838) states that Robert Wright was the rector of the parish of Dennington, Suffolk for thirty-four years, dying in the year 1624.<ref>'Wrighte, of Cranham Hall' in John Burke, John Bernard Burke, ''A genealogical and heraldic history of the extinct and dormant baronetcies of England'' (London, 1838), p. 586; Robert Hawes, ''The history of Framlingham, in the county of Suffolk: including brief notices of the masters and fellows of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, from the foundation of the college, to the present time'' (?London, 1798), p. 441</ref>  According to Burke, who spells the Cranham Hall branch family name as "Wrighte", Nathan Wright was the second of four brother; the eldest being a thrice married barrister-at-law Euseby Wright, and the younger two being the merchant Sir Benjamin Wright and the cleric Ezekiel Wright.  This is consistent with the ''Visitation of Essex, 1552-1634'', in which the birth order of the brothers is shown as Euseby, Nathaniell, Benjamin, and Ezekiell, with a further four sisters, Mary (married to Robert Cooper, a London merchant), Eunice (married to Layny Rous of Bricklesey/Brightlingsea, Essex), Martha (married to John Borodale, of N/A, Essex), and Jane.<ref>'Wright, no. 2', in Walter C. Metcalfe (ed.), ''The visitations of Essex by Hawley, 1552; Hervey, 1558; Cooke, 1570; Raven, 1612; and Owen and Lilly, 1634. To which are added Miscellaneous Essex pedigrees from various Harleian manuscripts: and an appendix containing Berry's Essex pedigrees'' (London, 1878), pp. 532-534. See http://www.archive.org/stream/visitationsofess1314metc#page/n7/mode/2up, viewed 30/11/11</ref>  However, Hawes (1798), reproducing a primary manuscript, suggests that Nathan Wright was the fourth rather than the second son.<ref>Robert Hawes, ''The history of Framlingham, in the county of Suffolk: including brief notices of the masters and fellows of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, from the foundation of the college, to the present time'' (?London, 1798), p. 441</ref>
 The eldest son of Rev. Robert Wright, Euseby, is described variously as  "Esquire" and "Gentleman" in primary documents.  For example, described as "Esquire" he appears with his father in a primary document dated 1615, which relates to land enclosure in Dennington.<ref>Suffolk Record Office: Dennington Parish Records: GENERAL FC 112/A  [n.d.]: Agreement FC 112/A4/1 1615.  See http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=173-fc112&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18#-1, viewed 30/11/11 </ref>  In the Lincoln's Inn entry book, recording his admission to Lincoln's Inn on January 25th, 1602/03, he is described  as "of Suff., gen., of Furnival's Inn."<ref>William Paley Baildon, ''The records of the honorable society of Lincoln's Inn'', vol. 1 (London, 1896), folio 138, p. 136</ref>  The arms of a Eusebius Wright are recorded in a nineteenth century history of the Inns of Court as appearing in the West window of Lincoln's Inn.<ref>Robert Richard Pearce, ''A history of the inns of court and chancery'' (London, 1848), p. 164</ref>  In the 1640s Euseby Wright appears in primary records as "Euseby Wright esq. of Great ('Much') Totham."<ref>Essex Record Office: Deeds of Barrow Hill farm, Goldhanger: D/DU 1675/1/2: '30 July 1646, Feoffment: (i) Euseby Wright esq. of Great(`Much') Totham to (ii) William Sidey gentleman of Little Totham</ref>
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 Little documentation is available on Nathan Wright's commercial activities prior to the mid-1640s, though Wright may have been located in Bordeaux in 1628.<ref>Nathan Wright: SP 78/83 Order in Council concerning Nathan Wright and others residing at Bordeaux. 1628 Apr. 21</ref>  If this is so, he may have started in the French wine trade, as did the Bristol born, but later London based, merchant, Sir Mathew Hollsworthy, whose family had strong historical links with Spanish trading.
-It has been suggested, but not substantiated from ordinary sources, that Nathan Wright and Samuel Mico may have been commercial partners early in their commercial careers.
+It has been suggested, but not substantiated from primary sources, that Nathan Wright and Samuel Mico may have been commercial partners early in their commercial careers.
-Wright had links to the English East India Company from early in his commercial life, being made free of the Company through redemption by fine on January 14th 1629.<ref>W. Noel Sainsbury 8ed.), 'East Indies: December 1629', ''Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Persia'', vol. 6: 1625-1629 (1884), pp. 692-699. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=71301 Date accessed: 30 November 2011</ref>  In August 1632 Nathan Wright appears in the Court Minutes of the English East India Company, buying pepper both with Alderman Clitherowe and Mr. Mico (probably Samuel Mico).<ref>W. Noel Sainsbury (ed.), 'East Indies: August 1632', ''Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies and Persia'', vol. 8: 1630-1634 (1892), pp. 276-285. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=71451 Date accessed: 30 November 2011. </ref>
+Wright had links to the English East India Company from early in his commercial life, being made free of the Company through redemption by fine on January 14th 1629.<ref>W. Noel Sainsbury (ed.), 'East Indies: December 1629', ''Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Persia'', vol. 6: 1625-1629 (1884), pp. 692-699. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=71301 Date accessed: 30 November 2011</ref>  In August 1632 Nathan Wright appears in the Court Minutes of the English East India Company, buying pepper both with Alderman Clitherowe and Mr. Mico (probably Samuel Mico).<ref>W. Noel Sainsbury (ed.), 'East Indies: August 1632', ''Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies and Persia'', vol. 8: 1630-1634 (1892), pp. 276-285. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=71451 Date accessed: 30 November 2011. </ref>
 In January 1640 Nathan Wright and Richard Crandley purchased a large quantity of fish from the London manager of the adventurers to Newfoundland, which they subsequently refused to pay for.<ref>'January 25, 1640: Petition of James Marquis of Hamilton, Philip Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, Henry Earl of Holland, and the rest of the adventurers to Newfoundland, to the King' in W. Noel Sainsbury (ed.), 'America and West Indies: January 1640', ''Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies'', vol.1: 1574-1660 (1860), pp. 306-308. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=69183 Date accessed: 30 November 2011</ref>
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 (1) Clarify the major discrepancies between my primary focused reconstruction of the family background of Nathan Wright and the ''Visitation of London, 1633-1635'' entry for "Nathaniell Wright".  The ''Visitation'' is neither consistent with Clarendon, nor with other secondary and primary sources.
 - See [http://www.archive.org/stream/visitationoflond17howa#page/n379/mode/2up 'Wright' in J.J. Jackson, J.L. Chester, The visitation of London, anno domine 1633, 1634, and 1635 (London, 1883), p. 371]
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