Difference between revisions of "Tools: Company of Merchant Adventurers of London"

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[[File:Barber Suregeons 31012018.JPG|600px|thumb|left|[https://jupiter.ai/books/25nE/ The Annals of the Barber Surgeons, compiled from their sources, by Sydney Young, One of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipfull Company of Barbers of London, with Illustrations by Austin T. Young (XXXX, ?1890), no pag.]]]
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Possibly a barber surgeon, master of the Barber Surgeons in 1667.<ref>[https://jupiter.ai/books/25nE/ The Annals of the Barber Surgeons, compiled from their sources, by Sydney Young, One of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipfull Company of Barbers of London, with Illustrations by Austin T. Young (XXXX, ?1890), no pag.]</ref>
  
 
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Revision as of 15:40, January 31, 2018

Background


Members of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London were involved in the export of English cloth, especially undyed, white, broadcloth. The MarineLives wiki contains references to a number of London merchants, and English merchants based in Hamburg, Amsterdam, Dordrecht and Rotterdam, who were members of, or connected with, the Company of Merchant Adventurers. The MarineLives project team wants to identify all these references and to pull them together on this wiki page. This will form a finding aid for all researchers interested in the C17th cloth trade, and more broadly in the trade for textiles. It will also serve as an input into the research work of Dr Tom Leng (Sheffield), who is currently writing a book on 'Disorderly Brethren: the Merchant Adventurers of England, c.1588-1688'.


Possible search terms to help identify Merchant Adventurers


Please help the MarineLives team identify members of the Company of Merchant Adventures of London in our 6 million word full text transcription wiki.

Search the wiki, do some sleuthing, and tweet us suggested names and wiki page references. We will add your findings to the wiki, with references and acknowledgement.

Many of the members of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London will not be identified as such, but can be presumed to be members through a combination of their export trade in cloth (and other goods), their location, their trading partners and secondary information you will need to look for on the web.

Here are some search terms for our wiki you might want to get started with

Adventurer
Cloth
Cloath
Cloth merchant
Cloth-merchant
Draper
Haberdasher
Mercer
Merchant + Hamburg
Merchant + Rotterdam

and lots lots more...




Identifying Merchant Adventurers

Merchant adventurers resident in London & surrounds


Definite

Sir Nicholas Crispe (b. ?; d. 1666) London merchant[1]
Arthur Tyndale (b. ?; d. ca. 1625) Mercer and Merchant Adventurer of London[2]
Nathaniell Tyndale (b. ?; d. ca. 1631). Mercer and Merchant Adventurer of London[3]
Samuell Tyndale (b. ?; d. ca. 1673). Merchant Adventurer of London[4]

Probable

Anthony Biddulph (b. ?; d. ca. 1651). Haberdasher of London.[5] J.R. Woodhead (1966) identifies the haberdasher Anthony Biddulph as a Merchant Adventurer.[6]
George Boldero [alt. Baldero] (b. ?; d. ca. 1666). London merchant[7]
Martin Bond (b.?; d. 1643). Haberdasher. Merchant Adventurer.[8]; [9]
Henry Crispe (b. ca. 1608; d. ca. 1654). Merchant and haberdasher. Dealing in cloth and other commodities, which he imported into and exported from Hamburg for twenty years. Given his involvement in cloth, and past long residence in Hamburg, it is possible that Henry Crispe was a member of the Company of the Merchant Adventurers of London, which had a staple in Hamburg. Resident in 1653 in the parish of Saint Antholin Budge Row, London. He had been resident in Hamburg as recently as 1649, and possibly up to the start of war with the Dutch in late 1652.[10] Basil Duke Henning (1983) state that Henry Crispe was married to Elizabeth Biddulph, daughter of Anthony Biddulph (b.?; d. ca. 1651), a London haberdasher.[11] J.R. Woodhead (1966) identifies the haberdasher Anthony Biddulph as a Merchant Adventurer.[12] Henry Crispe's first son was the eponymous Henry Crispe (b. ca. 1650, Hamburg; d. 1700), of Aldermanbury, London. The son was educated as a lawyer and became common serjeant iin 1678. He was elected to parliament in 1685.[13] Henry Crispe deposed in the High Court of Admiralty in October 1653. His knowledge was based on twenty years trading from Hamburg and thereabouts "in cloath and divers other sorts of commodities there most vendible and the like for the parts of Holland before the present troubles in such commodities as were there most advantagious". He suggested that Hamburg merchants tended to transport pepper and spices from Hamburg into the upper parts of Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and some parts of Poland, where better prices could be achieved than at Hamburg.[14]
Richard Ford (alt. Sir Richard Ford) (b. ca. 1613, d. ca. 1678). Merchant. Resident in Rotterdam from 1642 and returned to London in 1652.[15] Younger son of Exeter merchant, Thomas Ford. Educated at Exeter College, Oxford and Gray's Inn. Member of Merchant Adventurers by 1644. Governor from 1660-1675. Active in 1650s as a naval supplier, working in partnership with his son-in-law, Peter Proby, who had married Grace Ford.[16] Proby was the grandson of the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Peter Proby. Ford was an associate in the 1650s of Nathaniel Temms, John Dethick, John Bancks and Martin Noell, all men rising rapidly. He was one of the new subscribers to the New General Stock of the English East India Company in 1657 and was appointed to the six person committee which was established to negotiate with a six person committee of existing subscribers. His associates on the committee are revealing – they were Maurice Thompson, Alderman Temms, Alderman Noel, Thomas Kendall, and Samuel Moyer. He was thus an ally of Thompson, as Thompson inserted himself at the apex of the EEIC hierachy. Ford was appointed an EEIC committee in [?XXXX], knighted by Charles II in [?XXXX], and appointed by Charles to the Council for Trade and Foreign Plantations formed in 1660 under Charles II, together with his associate Martin Noell, who was similarly knighted. On March 14th [CHECK] 1662/3 he wrote with moderate familiarity to Oxenden, requesting a small favour. Steven Pincus asserts that Sir Richard Ford was one of the most important London merchants in the Restoration period.[17]
Obadiah Ingram (b. ?; d. ca. 1635). Merchant Adventurer of London.[18]
Thomas Newman (b. ?; d. ca. 1650). Draper and Merchant Adventurer of London.[19]

Possible

Mathew Tindall (b. ?; d. ?ca. 1676). London draper & trader in cloth
- "Mathew Tindall of London, trader in cloth"[20]
Thomas Tite (b. ?; m. 1655, Elizabeth Lowther; d. ca. 1692).[21] Merchant, possibly a draper. Most probably involved in trade with Spain as well as in trade with the East Indies. Chosen a committee of the English East India Company for 1663-1664. Possibly a member of the Merchant Adventurers of London. A General Court of the Fellowship of Merchant Adventurers of England, held on April 9th, 1664, appointed Thomas Eslington, Robert Palmer, William Atwood, Edward Tedcome, John Morrice, Thomas Tite, Thomas Farrington and John Mascall, in total, or any three of them, with the Governor, Deputy or Treasurer, to hear demands from the commissioners of the Newcastle Merchant Adventurers.[22] Four years earlier, in October 1660, Thomas Tite was nominated, alongside "Dr. Mason, Dr. Walker, Dr. Turner, Sir Richard Foorde, Mr. Jeffery and Northleigh, to serve as commissioners "to treat with the Hamburg agent".[23] Thomas Tyte corresponded in the 1660s with Sir George Oxenden, with whom he was on friendly terms.[24] In his will he mentions a cousin, George Tyte "merchant now resideing in Bilboa in the Kingdome of Spaine." Brother-in-law of fellow London merchant George Willoughby through their respective marriages to two daughters of the London draper and alderman, Robert Lowther (b. 1595, d. 1654/55). According to a secondary genealogical source, Thomas Tyte married Elizabeth Lowther (b. ca. 1636, d. 1667) on September 24th, 1655 in Little Ilford, Essex, and George Willoughby married the widowed Dorothy Lowther (b. 1633, d. 1690 at Bishopstone, Wiltshire) on April 14th, 1662 in Great Greenford, Middlesex.[25]

Merchant adventurers resident elsewhere in England


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Merchant adventurers resident in the United Provinces

Amsterdam


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Dordrecht


Definite

Henry Boldero [alt. Baldero] (b. ?; d. ca. 1661). Merchant Adventurer of Dordrecht. Treasurer of the Company.[26]
- "the said Mr Henry Baldero is of his this deponents certaine knowledge a native of England, and was borne at Berry in the County of Suffolk, where this deponent was likewise borne and the said Henry Baldero doth here (by this deponent who is his correspondent) pay taxes to this Comonwealth of England for lands which hee hath here in England and is ffree of the Company of the Merchant Adventurers of London and hath bin tresurer of the said company"[27]

Probable

Samuel Augier (b. ?; d. ca. 1667). Merchant Adventurer of Dordrecht.[28]
John Boldero [alt. Baldero] (b. ?; d. ca. 1664). Merchant in Dordrecht[29]
James Fenn (b. ?; d. ca. 1652)[30]

Rotterdam


Probable

Theophilus Bainham (alt. Theophilus Bayneham) Merchant. Helmer J. Helmers (2015) identifies Theofilus Bainham as an English merchant, resident at Rotterdam in 1644. Bainham, together with John Webster, Edward Manning, Richard Ford, and James Yard, were all living in either Amsterdam or Rotterdam and were named by Walter Strickland in a letter to the English Parliament as "malignant Merchants" and subsequently declared by Parliament to be enemies to the Parliament and Kingdom of England.[31]
William Cotton (b. ?1633; d. ca. 1655). Merchant Adventurer of Rottedam.[32] William Cotton deposed in the English High Court of Amiralty in November 1653 in support of Hendry Baldero (alt. Boldero). He stated that he was born at Colchester in Essex, but was now living at Rotterdam in Holland as servant and merchant cashier to Baldero. He gave his age as twenty-two. He added that "for many and divers yeares last past there hath bene an English Company of Merchant Adventurers resident in the Citty of Roterdam, and that the arlate Henry Baldero hath bene for a yeare now past and upwards treasurer of the sayd Companie of English merchants and so is att this present, and the sayd Henry Baldero was and is an Englishman and well affected to this nation and the government thereof, and that he hath of the certaine knowledge and sight of this deponent releived many English seamen that have bene taken prisoners in the service of this Commonwealth in the present troubles and hath procured the libertyes of many of them and provided shipping to transport them for England."[33]
William Cranmer (b. ?; d. 1650). Merchant. Resident in Rotterdam.
James Fenn Merchant. Possiblly a mercer. Resident in Rotterdam, 1648-9.[34]
Richard Ford (alt. Sir Richard Ford) (b. ca. 1613, d. ca. 1678). Merchant. Resident in Rotterdam by 1644 and returned to London in 1652.[35] Younger son of Exeter merchant, Thomas Ford. Educated at Exeter College, Oxford and Gray's Inn. Member of Merchant Adventurers by 1644. Governor from 1660-1675. Active in 1650s as a naval supplier, working in partnership with his son-in-law, Peter Proby, who had married Grace Ford.[36] Proby was the grandson of the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Peter Proby. Ford was an associate in the 1650s of Nathaniel Temms, John Dethick, John Bancks and Martin Noell, all men rising rapidly. He was one of the new subscribers to the New General Stock of the English East India Company in 1657 and was appointed to the six person committee which was established to negotiate with a six person committee of existing subscribers. His associates on the committee are revealing – they were Maurice Thompson, Alderman Temms, Alderman Noel, Thomas Kendall, and Samuel Moyer. He was thus an ally of Thompson, as Thompson inserted himself at the apex of the EEIC hierachy. Ford was appointed an EEIC committee in [?XXXX], knighted by Charles II in [?XXXX], and appointed by Charles to the Council for Trade and Foreign Plantations formed in 1660 under Charles II, together with his associate Martin Noell, who was similarly knighted. On March 14th [CHECK] 1662/3 he wrote with moderate familiarity to Oxenden, requesting a small favour. Steven Pincus asserts that Sir Richard Ford was one of the most important London merchants in the Restoration period.[37]
Edward Kendrick

Possible

Thomas Clarke Merchant. Possibly a mercer. Resident in Rotterdam, 1645.[38]
Stephen Puckle (b. ca. 1595; d. >1652). Merchant of Estsmithfield, near London, and formerly Rotterdam. Deposed in the English High Court of Admiralty in November 1652. Puckle stated that "for the space of about twenty yeares next before the late warrs betwixt this Commonwealth and the United Provinces he did live, and reside with his family att Rotterdam in Holland, and by that meanes came to be well acquainted with the Dutch tongue".[39]
William Scapes (b. ca. 1606; d. ?). Merchant of Rotterdam. Deposed in English High Court of Admiralty in July 1651 regarding a ship in which he had ownership, which had gone to Norway to load deals, intended for sale in Newcastle for a return load of coal for Rotterdam.[40]

Location unclear


Just possible

William Harris.
- "the said Henry Baldero William Harris, and John Sheppard are all of them Englishmen borne, and subjects of this Comonwealth and live in Holland onely as merchant strangers. and not as subjects of the States of Holland. and saith that the said Henry Baldero is one of the Company of the Merchant Adventurers of England. which he knoweth for that hee hath bin imployed master of ships by the said Baldero Harris and Sheppard for theise three yeares last, And hath knowne them all [?theise] twelve yeeres last".[41]
John Sheppard
- "the said Henry Baldero William Harris, and John Sheppard are all of them Englishmen borne, and subjects of this Comonwealth and live in Holland onely as merchant strangers. and not as subjects of the States of Holland. and saith that the said Henry Baldero is one of the Company of the Merchant Adventurers of England. which he knoweth for that hee hath bin imployed master of ships by the said Baldero Harris and Sheppard for theise three yeares last, And hath knowne them all [?theise] twelve yeeres last".[42]


Merchant Adventurers resident in Hamburg


Probable

James Baber (b. ?; d. ca. 1686). Merchant of Hamburg[43] Possibly born in Somerset, ca. 1611. Resident in Hamburg, April 1656 & May 1656.
John Bancks (alt. John Banckes) Resident in Hamburg, April 1656 & May 1656.
Robert Biddolphe (alt. Biddulph)
Isaack Blackwell Resident in Hamburg, April 1656 & May 1656.
Richard Bradshaw Resident in Hamburg, April 1656 & May 1656.
Nathaniell Cambridge (b. ?; d. ca. 1694). Merchant of Hamburg. ?Clothier of Woodchester, Gloucestershire.
- "[August 1. 1666] Haveing with others hired a waggon, about foure aclock, wee went from Lubeck; and, feeding the horses about midnight at halfe way, wee arrived at Hamborg about midday. I tooke up my lodging in the Stone street, at the signe of the Towne Revall, where I had choice company of cavaliers, only a little more ranting as was fitting for my humour. I sent immediately for Mr. Nathaniell Cambridge, to whom I had letters of recommendation; with whom, being come, I consulted about my jorney further. By sea was exceedingly dangerous and uncertaine, and by land tedious and expensive, neither without hazard. He promised to ask advice of other ffreinds, and gave me his and their opinions, proffering me withall the kindness in his power."[44][45]
- "St. Loe (or St. Chloe) school [in Minchampton, Glucestershire) was founded by Nathaniel Cambridge, described as a merchant of Hamburg, who left £1,000 which was used in 1698 to purchase the Seinckley manor estate"[46]
Clement Clarke[47]
Henry Crispe (b. ca. 1608; d. ca. 1654). Merchant and haberdasher. Dealing in cloth and other commodities, which he imported into and exported from Hamburg for twenty years. Given his involvement in cloth, and past long residence in Hamburg, it is possible that Henry Crispe was a member of the Company of the Merchant Adventurers of London, which had a staple in Hamburg. Resident in 1653 in the parish of Saint Antholin Budge Row, London. He had been resident in Hamburg as recently as 1649, and possibly up to the start of war with the Dutch in late 1652.[48] Basil Duke Henning (1983) state that Henry Crispe was married to Elizabeth Biddulph, daughter of Anthony Biddulph (b.?; d. ca. 1651), a London haberdasher.[49] J.R. Woodhead (1966) identifies the haberdasher Anthony Biddulph as a Merchant Adventurer.[50] Henry Crispe's first son was the eponymous Henry Crispe (b. ca. 1650, Hamburg; d. 1700), of Aldermanbury, London. The son was educated as a lawyer and became common serjeant iin 1678. He was elected to parliament in 1685.[51] Henry Crispe deposed in the High Court of Admiralty in October 1653. His knowledge was based on twenty years trading from Hamburg and thereabouts "in cloath and divers other sorts of commodities there most vendible and the like for the parts of Holland before the present troubles in such commodities as were there most advantagious". He suggested that Hamburg merchants tended to transport pepper and spices from Hamburg into the upper parts of Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and some parts of Poland, where better prices could be achieved than at Hamburg.[52]
William Gore Resident in Hamburg, April 1656 & May 1656. Probate record for William Gore, merchant, bachelor of Hamburg, proven May 1685.[53]
David Hechstetter Resident in Hamburg, April 1656 & May 1656.
John Northley Resident in Hamburg, April 1656 & May 1656.
Robert Palmer, senior (b. ?; d. ca. ?1691).[54] Merchant. Resident in Hamburg in 1645, April 1656 & May 1656.
John Parker
Samuel(l) Richardson Resident in Hamburg, April 1656 & May 1656.
Bethel Slingsby
William Strange Resident in Hamburg, April 1656 & May 1656.
Francis Townley Resident in Hamburg in May 1656.[55]
Richard Twyford Resident in Hamburg, April 1656, 1658 & 1661.[56]; [57]

Possible

Onesipherous Albyne Merchant. ?Resident in Hamburg in 1658.[58]
Charles BanksMerchant. Possibly brother of John Banck(e)s, Hamburg merchant. Resident in Hamburg in 1661.[59]
Edward Halford 'Merchant. ?Resident in Hamburg in 1658.[60]
Thomas Lawrence Merchant. Resident in Hamburg in 1650 and also in ?1658.[61]
Samuel Missenden Probably a merchant. Possibly a mercer. Resident in Hamburg in 1679. Son, also named Samuel Missenden, apprenticed in 1679 to William Gore, Merchant Adventurer.[62] Probate record for Samuel Missenden, Deputy Governor of the Right Worshipfull Fellowship of Merchant Adventurers of England of Hamburg, proven Jan 1690.[63]
Tobias Payne (b. pre-1640; d.?). Merchant. Born Townhope in Hereford. Cashier with Alderman Adams in London, 1650-1653. Apprentice to Richard Twyford, Hamburg merchant, in Hamburg (1654-1662). Independent merchant in Hamburg (1663-1664). Time in Barbados and Jamaica, then to Boston, New Rngland in 1666, where he married Sarah Standish, widow of Captain Miles Standish and daughter of John Winslow, merchant of Boston.[64]


1641 petitioners


Paul Bayley


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Martin Bently


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Thomas Bird


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Lawrence Brinley


Robert Brenner (1992) includes Lawrence Brinley in a list of the immediate members of Maurice Thomson's circle.[65] Brenner also describes Brinley as a colonial trader, mentioning him alongside John Jurin.[66]

Dai Liu (1986) identifies the leading parishioners in the parish of Saint Mary Magdalen milk Street during the English Civil War as "Richard Aldworth, Robert Story, Francis Waterhouse, Anthony Webster, George Cornish, and Lawrence Brinley", adding that Brinley was appointed an assessor in 1642 and a lay trier in 1645, and that Brinley was elected a ruling elder on 19 July 1646 "to join with the ministers in settling the presbyteriall government".[67]

Other primary sources

C 10/3/118 William Penoyer v Laurence Brinley and [...] Bull: money matters, Middx 1649
C 9/6/131 Lawrence v. Penoyer 1651

HL/PO/JO/10/1/168 Main Papers: 25 April 1644 -- List of Committee appointed to examine witnesses concerning the speeches against the Lord General.[68]
3 Examination of Lawrence Brinley, of London, merchant.
4 Another examination of Lawrence Brinley, Mr Francis Allen, and others.

PROB 11/309/519 Will of Laurence Brinley, Haberdasher of London 03 December 1662

Thomas Butler


[ADD DATA]


Thomas Canham


Thomas Birch, A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe ...: December 1654 to September 1655, vol. 111 (London, 1742), p.200
The Annals of the Barber Surgeons, compiled from their sources, by Sydney Young, One of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipfull Company of Barbers of London, with Illustrations by Austin T. Young (XXXX, ?1890), no pag.

T.S. Willan (1976) notes that Thomas Canham & Co. was one of the few London wine suppliers supplying both French and Spanish wines, the other being Arnold Beake & Co.[69]

Warden of the worshipfull company of Barber Surgeons, 1665, and master of the same company, 1668.[70]

Elected one of the twenty-four committees of the English East India Company in April 1671. Others included Sir William Thomson and Maurice Thomson.[71]

HCA references

Charterparty (Dated November 7th 1654; First party were John Paige and Richard Ely of Plymouth merchants partowners of the Golden Cocke of Plymouth, or the burthen of eighty five tonnes; Richard Chappell Master; ship lying in the River of Thames; Other party to the charterparty were Thomas Canham, John Paige and Maurice Thompson of London Merchants; to go to such places within and without the Straeights from the Port of London, starting at Gravesend; mentions the house of Thomas Canham , scituate in Lombardstreete London; signed Thomas Canham, Maurice Thomson (sic) John Paige (their original signatures, but seals removed)[72]

'The clayme of Thomas Cowell and Thomas Canham and companie for the shipp called the Thomas of Brest and her tackle and furniture', June 1656[73]

Deposition of London merchants William Bellamy, age 25, and Robert Cole, age 20, April 1657: "That in all about the beginning of the moneth of March last past Thomas Canham and companie all merchants of this City of London and subjects of this Commonwealth, knowne to these deponents did buy and provide at or let London aforesaid the number of One hundred and fifty firkins of English butter...about the middle of March last past caused the same to be laden and putt on board of the said shipp the Saint John, whereof the said John Van Arber was master then lyeing at or neere Saint Catherines in the River of Thames, neare this City, to be from thence transported to Bourdeaux in ffrance, for and upon the proper accompt and advantage of the said Thomas Canham and companie, who were are and ought to be the true lawfull and sole owners and proprietors...consigned to Jaspar Bolt their ffactor and correspondent at Bourdeaux aforesaid with order to sell or dispose of the same to their best benefitt and advantage...he said Robert Cole saith, That at the time of the said buying and lading hee this deponent was, as at present hee is, Cashier to the said Thomas Canham, and thereby is well assured of the reality of the said transactions, having seene them entred into the said Canhams book of Accompts under the marke predeposed..."[74]

Other primary sources

C 8/52/38 Short title: Busfield v Frederick. Plaintiffs: John Busfield. Defendants: John Fredericke and Christopher Fredericke, Peter Ent and Thomas Canham. Subject: money. Document type: answer only. 1641
C 8/294/21 Short title: Jeffery v Beane. Plaintiffs: Robert Jeffery. Defendants: Humphrey Beane, Thomas Canham and John Canham. Subject: money, Middlesex. Document type: answer only. 1674

PROB 11/433/325 Will of Thomas Canham, Merchant of London 05 August 1696


Josias Clarke


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John Cradock


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Peter Ducane (alt. Du Quesne)


John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.413

Possibly a dyer.

Living at Saint Pancras Soper Lane, Pancras Lane The South Syde, 14 hearths, 1666[75]

Other primary sources

C 8/239/21 Short title: Houblon v Harrison. Plaintiffs: Isaac Houblon and Anthony Founteyne. Defendants: Edmund Harrison, Peter Houblon, John Meade, William Carbonell, Daniel Mercer, James Ducane, merchants of London and others. Subject: property in policy of assurance, London. Document type: bill and answer. 1679.

Lambeth Palace Library. VH 101/45. Ducane alias Du Quesne (Jane), of St. Pancras, Soper Lane, London. 1674

PROB 4/2499 ?du Quesne, Peter, of St Andrew Undershaft, London 1671 27 Nov.

PROB 11/338/334 Will of Peter Du Cane alias Du Quesne, Dyer of Saint Pancras, Middlesex 13 March 1672


Robart Garland


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Edward Gittings/Gettings


John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.444

Possibly a painter stainer.


Edward Harrington


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Isaac Jur[?in]


John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.418
Manuscript donor inscription of John Jurin; Sion College Library Proveence Project

Possibly a London weaver.

Robert Brenner (1992) identifies a John Jurin alonside Lawrence Brinley as a colonial trader.[76]

Other primary sources

A true, and exact relation of the difference between Mr. Christopher Cisner, one of the pastors of the French Church in London, and others of the consistory thereof, and John Jurin senior, merchant, a member of the same church Wherein the treacherous dealings towards the French churches in England, and erroneous doctrine asserted by Mr. Cisner, and his obstinacie, either to maintein, or retract it, are discovered: as also, the unjust defending him therein by that consistory, and their irregular proceedings against Mr. Jurin, are palpably objected to publique consideration. For the vindication of the said Mr. Jurin. By publique licence.
Jurin, John., D'Oneau, John., Cisner, Christopher.
London: printed by William Bentley, 1657.[77]

PROB 11/327/335 Will of Isaac Jurin of Saint Botolph without Bishopgate London, City of London 16 June 1668
PROB 11/348/353 Will of John Jurin, Merchant of Saint Michael Island of Barbados, West Indies 20 August 1675
PROB 11/364/122 Will of John Jurin, Dyer of London 12 October 1680

TS 12/98 Freedom of the city of London: John Jurin, son of John Jurin, citizen and dyer 1658 Oct 21


ffrancis Lenthall


In the mid-1640s Nathan Wright was explicitly described in an ordinance before the House of Lords as a "Spanish merchant." Others so described in the same ordinance included "Mr. Lentall," whose name was adjacent to Wright's.[78] 'Mr Lentall] have been the merchant Francis Lenthall, with whom Wright lent a substantial sum to parliament for the defence of the Devon ports. In September 1644 he, together with fellow London merchants Francis Lentall (alias Lenthall), and George Henly, lent £5,000 "for the defence of Plymouth, Poole, and Lyme Regis."[79]

HCA references

'Wright and Company owners of the ffriendship (Barnaby Holding master) against Lenthall and others', February 1655[80]

'Wright and Company against Lenthall and Nutt...Examined on an allegation given in and admitted on the behalfe of ffrancis Lenthall the yonger and George Nutt', March 1656[81]

Other primary sources

PROB 11/286/79 Will of Francis Lenthall of Saint Andrew Holborn, Middlesex 07 January 1659

SP 89/5/59 Folio 85: Petition of the merchants trading to Portugal and those residing at Lisbon, asking for the appointment of Francis Lenthall as Consul General at Lisbon, in place of Thomas Maynard, who had been appointed by Cromwell, and Francis Holbech, who was a Roman Catholic. Date and place: [? 1662] [London ? Lisbon ?]. With over 50 autograph signatures


Laurens Loe


The Annals of the Barber Surgeons, compiled from their sources, by Sydney Young, One of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipfull Company of Barbers of London, with Illustrations by Austin T. Young (XXXX, ?1890), no pag.

Possibly a barber surgeon, master of the Barber Surgeons in 1667.[82]

[ADD DATA]


Thomas Muschamp


Other primary sources

The will of John Peacock(e), grocer of London, written Jan 1650, proven March 1650, lists as sole executor Peacock(e)'s "wellbeloved friend Mr Thomas Muschamp of London merchant"[83]

PROB 11/262/401 Will of Thomas Muschamp, Grocer of London 25 February 1657

William Pennoyer


John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.444
John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.444

William Pennoyer was a Bristol born London merchant and a subscriber to the Smirna Venture Joint Stock. Robert Brenner has portrayed William Pennoyer, and his brother Sammuel Pennoyer, as so-called "New Merchants." He has stressed Pennoyer's supposedly non-establishment, relatively poor family background, and has emphasised Pennoyer's links with Maurice Thompson. In truth, documentation on William Pennoyer's family background is relatively poor. Moreover, arguably William Pennoyer's commercial career was relatively unusual.

HCA references

'A busines of Examination of witnesses on the part and behalfe of Maurice Thompson Esquires William Thompson one of the Aldermen of the Citty of London Richard Hill one of the Aldermen of the City of London William Pennoyer Nehemiah Browne Job Throgmorton Michaell Davison and John Jolliff all English merchants and subiects of this Commonwealth freighters of the shipp the Olive Branch of London against the Governours and company of the Dutch Merchants tradeing to the East Indies in particular and all others in generall takeing upon them to iustifie the hindering of the sayd shipp the Olive Branch from goeing in to Bantam in the East Indies there to take in her ladeing', November 1658[84]

Other primary sources

C 10/74/1 Roger Andrewes, John Connis, William Pennoyer, Francis Dashwood and Edward Crispe v Frederick Skinner: money matters, Middx. 1664

PROB 11/240 Alchin 357-409 Will of Samuell Penoyer, Merchant of London 12 May 1654[85]
PROB 11/335 Duke 1 - 53 Will of William Pennoyer of London 13 February 1671[86]
PROB 11/344 Bunce 1-53 Will of Martha Pennoyer, Widow of London 29 July 1674[87]
PROB 11/346 Bunce 104-150 Sentence of Martha Pennoyer, Widow of Saint Mary Whitechapel, Middlesex 23 July 1674


Thomas Rich


[ADD DATA]

Other primary sources

C 6/130/74 Short title: Fredericke v Barker. Plaintiffs: John Fredericke, Thomas Jennings, Peter Vandepute, Gilbert Keate, Jonathan Keate and Thomas Rich. Defendants: William Barker, Isaac Barton and Elizabeth Barton his wife. Subject: money matters, Middlesex.Document type: bill, answer. 1655
C 10/82/2 Sir Robert Abdy baronet, Sir Thomas Rich baronet, Sir James Madiford baronet, Sir Joseph Ash baronet, Sir Thomas Bludworth knight and others v Sir George Oxenden knight, Sir Martin Noel knight, Thomas Atkins, Elizabeth Dallison and others: money matters, Middx. 1664

PROB 11/325 Carr 117-176 Will of Sir Thomas Rich of Sonning, Berkshire 20 November 1667[88]


George Robinson


Need to clarify if the George Robinson of the 1641 petition is the same man as the former servant of Martin Noell, mentioned in a late 1650s HCA record and in Martin Noell's will of 1665.

HCA references

George Robinson was a former servant of Martin Noell. Edward Bradbourne (b. ca. 1637, d. ?), former servant of Martin Noell, was examined in a High Court of Admiralty case, ?June 1656, on behalf of George Robinson, a former servant of Martin Noell.[89]

Other primary sources

Sir Martin Noell, London merchant, in his will of 1665, gave George Robinson commercial direction over his Barbados plantation until his children were adult. ("it is my order and desire That Mr George Robinson should have the direction correspondence and supplying of the said Plantacion from tyyme to tyme dureing their minorities of my said children And to give an account from tyme to tyme of all his proceedings therein." Roninson was also made one of three executors ("my two sonnes Martin Noell & Thomas Noell and my loveing friend M:r George Robinson to be executors of this my last will and testament")[90]

Dame Elizabeth Noell, widow of Martin Noell, made George Robinson one of her four executors in 1665 ("George Blake Martin Noell Tho: Noell and Geo: Robinson Executors of this my last will"[91]

Richard Shute


John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.444

HCA references

'On the behalfe of James Oiles Richard Shute Peter Bulteele and others', XAugust 1651[92]
- Concerns ship named the Eagle trading from London to Guinea to Narbados

Other primary sources

PROB 11/300/394 Will of Richard Shute, Merchant of London 25 October 1660


Mathew Skynner


[ADD DATA]


John Stals


Maurice Thomson


John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.444
John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.444

[ADD DATA]


William Thomson


[ADD DATA]


Samuel Warner


John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.444

[ADD DATA]


Francis Webbe


John P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, 1652-1660 (XXXX, XXXX), p.444

Possibly a dyer.

Other primary sources

PROB 11/361/237 Will of Francis Webb, Dyer of Saint Thomas Southwark, Surrey 12 November 1679


Nathaniel Withers


Nathaniel Withers, merchant taylor, was the brother-in-law of the London merchant, Sir Samuel Mico, through his marriage to Hesther (alias Esther) Mico.[93]

Nathaniel was born in the parish of St. Dunstan in the East, London, to father, William Withers, who was from Menedownes, Hampshire and to mother, Jane Webb, from Henley-on-Thames, Surrey.[94] In 1633 he was recorded as resident in Tower Ward, described as a London merchant, most probably in the parish of St. Dunstan in the East, where he was recorded in 1638 as still an inhabitant, paying a relatively high rental of £20.[95] However, he was living in the parish of St. Giles (without) Cripplegate at his death in 1669, his dwelling in Goat Alley having been rated at a relatively modest eight hearths three years earlier.[96]

He rose to senior roles in the company of merchant taylors in the 1650s and 1660s, serving in 1656 as second warden, and in 1666, the year of the London fire, as master.[97]

His surviving inventory provides the impression of a modestly wealthy merchant [TBC], though his will lists a remarkable range of London tenaments and houses whose rentals he collected.[98] His will also lists a number of outstanding bonds owing to him, specifying bonds with the brewer William Dashwood,[99] with a M:r Munns and with a M:r ?Goldum. Nathaniel named William Dashwood one of his overseers, together with a Mr. John Warner and a Mr. Edward Munns (possibly he of the outstanding bond). The John Warner named as overseer may himself have been a merchant taylor, also of Saint Giles without Cripplegate, who died the following year.[100]

Records of his commercial activities are patchy. No business papers nor partnership accounts survive. However, the voyage accounts of a 1637 joint stock venture survive of a London to Virginia bound ship, in which Nathaniel Withers owned one eighth of the shares, and there are a number of letters of commercial advice directed to him in London from Alicante, Spain, in the 1646-1652 period.[101] In addition there are a number of possible court cases, in the High Court of Admiralty and in the Court of Chancery, dating from 1637, 1650 and 1654, which provide insights into his commercial activities.[102] Synthesising the various sources results in a partial impression of Nathaniel Withers commercial strategies and business approach from the later 1630s until his death in 1669.

There is some weak evidence of trading activities linking Nathaniel Withers and his brother-in-law Samuel Mico. In a record of the House of Commons in 1651 Samuel Mico mentioned that a small part of a shipment of raisins, anniseeds, almonds, figs, and some wines, etc. from Aaron Mico his Alicant factor to him in London was for the "Accompt of his Brother-in-Law, Nathaniel Wythers, an English Merchant now beyond the Seas."[103]

Nathaniel Withers combined trade with the Mediterranean coast of Spain (and Italy) with the tobacco trade to Virginia. There is no evidence of involvement in the triangular London to Guinea to Barbados trade in general goods, slaves, and sugar. Unlike some of his fellow merchants involved in the Spanish trade, such as Thomas Boone and Samuel Mico, he had no close family connection to the south-west England clothier industry. From the limited evidence available, he appears to have exported XXXX to Spain, and to have sourced wine, and presumably other goods, from Spain to export to Virginia, in return for tobacco, which he sold in London and re-exported to Spain.

Other primary sources

PROB 11/331/91 Will of Nathanaell Withers, Merchant Tailor of London 15 September 1669[104]

PROB 4/8600 Inventory of Nathaniel Withers the elder, 1669[105]


Potential primary sources


Derbyshire Record Office D3155/C1771 List of those admitted in Hamburg into the freedom of the fellowship of Merchant Adventurers of England, 1621-1741. Compiled by Frederick Hagedorn, secretary to the company n.d.

SP 46/96/fo109-112 Petition to Parliament of the Merchant Adventurers [in the Drapery Trade] asking for a dispensation in respect of goods sent by their merchants at Hamburg in two Dutch vessels before they knew of the Navigation Act of 9 Oct. 1651 Enclosed: Certificate from the Hamburg Fellowship as to the above, 18 Nov. 1651. Two certificates from the Senate of Hamburg about the same matter, 8 Dec. 1651 Latin. [1651/2 jan.]

SP 82/7/f190 William Atwood, Treasurer of Merchant Adventurers, to Council of State 1650 May 28

SP 82/8/f27 Proposals of certain Merchant Adventurers to Council of State (date is date of presentation) 1650 July 29

SP 82/8/f64 Declaration of Merchant Adventurers at Hamburg 1650 Oct 4 1651 Apr 22

SP 82/8/f109 Company of Merchant Adventurers at Hamburg to Lord President of Council of State

SP 82/9/f68 Merchant Adventurers: proposals about trade on the Elbe, and another copy 1653 May 3

SP 82/9/f180 Petition of Merchant Adventurers to Council of State [?1653]

SP 82/11/206 Folio 206: Extract from the assembly and court minutes of the English merchant adventurers at Hamburg. 1672 July 1/10
- mentions Swann, Robert Palmer, Towse, Baber, Cambridge, Pococke, Shafto, Oakeley and James Banckes

SP 84/159/107 Folio 224: Magistrates of Dordrecht to the Merchant Adventurers. 1654 Aug 14/24


Potential secondary sources


John Roberts Boyle, Frederick Walter Dendy, Extracts from the records of the Merchant Adventurers of Newcastle-Upon_Tyne, vol. 2 (Durham, 1899)[106]

Heinrich Hitzigrath, Die Kompagnie der Merchants Adventurers und die Englische Kirchengemeinde in Hamburg, 1611-1835 (Hamburg, 1904)[107]
  1. ↑ PROB 11/319 Mico 1-46 Will of Nicholas Crispe of Hammersmith, Middlesex 05 April 1666
  2. ↑ PROB 11/147 Clarke 103-147 Will of Arthur Tyndale, Mercer and Merchant Adventure of London 25 November 1625
  3. ↑ PROB 11/160 St. John 69-138 Will of Nathaniell Tyndale, Mercer and Merchant Adventurer of London 10 December 1631
  4. ↑ PROB 11/343 Pye 119-167 Will of Samuell Tyndale, Merchant Adventurer of London 13 October 1673
  5. ↑ PROB 11/218/608 Will of Anthony Biddulphe or Biddulph, Haberdasher of City of London 28 October 1651
  6. ↑ 'Cooote (or Cooth), Edward' in J R Woodhead, 'Cade - Cutler', in The Rulers of London 1660-1689 A Biographical Record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (London, 1966), pp. 42-56. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-rulers/1660-89/pp42-56 [accessed 26 January 2018].
  7. ↑ PROB 11/319/509 Will of George Boldero, Merchant of London 14 March 1666
  8. ↑ A New View of London (London, 1708), vol. 1, p.280, accessed 26/01/2018
  9. ↑ PROB 11/201/175 Will of Martin Bond, Haberdasher of London 07 July 1647; PROB 11/201/753 Will of Martin Bond, Haberdasher of London 07 July 1648
  10. ↑ SP 82/7/f131 Henry Crispe to Walter Frost, Secretary to Council of State 1649 Aug 3
  11. ↑ http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/crispe-henry-1650-1700
  12. ↑ 'Cooote (or Cooth), Edward' in J R Woodhead, 'Cade - Cutler', in The Rulers of London 1660-1689 A Biographical Record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (London, 1966), pp. 42-56. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-rulers/1660-89/pp42-56 [accessed 26 January 2018].
  13. ↑ PROB 11/240/613 Will of Henry Crispe, Haberdasher of London 30 May 1654
  14. ↑ HCA 13/68 f.115r
  15. ↑ 'Richard Ford (Southampton MP), ' in Wikipedia , web resource, accessed 27/01/2018; C. Te Lintum, De Merchant Adventurers in De Nederlanden ('s-Gravenhage, 1905), pp. 264-5
  16. ↑ 'Ford, Richard,' in J.R. Woodhead, 'Fabian - Fyge', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 67-74, viewed 27/01/2018
  17. ↑ Steven C.A. Pincus, Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650-1668 (Cambridge, 1996), p. 250 CHECK PAGE NUMBER
  18. ↑ PROB 11/167/467 Will of Obadiah Ingram, Merchant Adventurer, Draper of London 24 April 1635
  19. ↑ PROB 11/212/24 Will of Thomas Newman, Draper and Merchant Adventurer of London 05 April 1650
  20. ↑ From will of Throckmorton Trotman, London merchant, dated Oct 13, 1661, proved Oct. 24, 1663 in Lothrop Withington, Virginia gleanings in England: abstracts of 17th and 18th-century English wills and administrations relating to Virginia and Virginians : a consolidation of articles from The Virginia magazine of history and biography (XXXX, 1980 (reprint)), p. 58; possibly same Mathew Tindall (alt. Tyndale) as in PROB 11/352 Will of Mathew Tyndale, Draper of London 02 December 1676 Bence 109-158
  21. ↑ PROB 11/410 Fane 97-146 Will of Thomas Tyte, Merchant of London 10 June 1692
  22. ↑ John Roberts Boyle, Frederick Walter Dendy, Extracts from the records of the Merchant Adventurers of Newcastle-Upon_Tyne, vol. 2 (Durham, 1899), p.113, accessed 27/01/2018
  23. ↑ Leopold van Ranken, A history of England: principally in the seventeenth century, vol. 5 (Cambridge, 1875, 2010), p.529, accessed 27/01/2018
  24. ↑ 21st March 1662/63, Letter from Thomas Tyte, London, to Sir George Oxenden, Surat; 10th March 1665/66, Letter from Thomas Tyte, London, to Sir George Oxenden, Surat; 25th September 1667, Letter from Thomas Tyte, London, to Sir George Oxenden, Surat
  25. ↑ 'Ancestors of Elizabeth Garrard: Generation Eight', typecript PDF (February 17, 2004), p. 15, viewed 27/01/2018
  26. ↑ PROB 11/304/17 Will of Henry Boldero, Merchant Adventurer of Dordrecht, Holland 03 April 1661
  27. ↑ HCA 13/73 f.140r
  28. ↑ PROB 11/323/624 Will of Samuel Augier, Merchant Adventurer of Dordrecht, Holland 22 May 1667
  29. ↑ PROB 11/315/49 Will of John Boldero, Merchant in Dordrecht, Holland 16 September 1664
  30. ↑ PROB 11/221/107 Will of James Fenn, Merchant Adventurer of Rotterdam, Holland 11 March 1652
  31. ↑ Helmer J. Hemers, The Royalist Republic: Literature, Politics, and Religion in the Anglo-Dutch Public Sphere, 1639–1660 (Cambridge, 2015), p.85, accessed 27/01/2018
  32. ↑ PROB 11/250/566 Will of William Cotton, Merchant Adventurer of Rotterdam 31 October 1655
  33. ↑ HCA 13/68 f.235r
  34. ↑ C. Te Lintum, De Merchant Adventurers in De Nederlanden ('s-Gravenhage, 1905) pp. 264-5; 'Fen, James (male), merchant, now resident in Rotterdam, Mercer's archive. Event: Apprenticeship. Role: Father of apprentice. Apprentice: Richard Fen (male). Master: Samuel Mico, one of merchants trading into the Levant, member of Mercer's company' in Records of London Livery Companies Online, Apprentices and Freemen 1400-1900, web resource, accessed, 27/01/2017
  35. ↑ 'Richard Ford (Southampton MP), ' in Wikipedia , web resource, accessed 27/01/2018; C. Te Lintum, De Merchant Adventurers in De Nederlanden ('s-Gravenhage, 1905), pp. 264-5
  36. ↑ 'Ford, Richard,' in J.R. Woodhead, 'Fabian - Fyge', The Rulers of London 1660-1689: A biographical record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (1966), pp. 67-74, viewed 27/01/2018
  37. ↑ Steven C.A. Pincus, Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650-1668 (Cambridge, 1996), p. 250 CHECK PAGE NUMBER
  38. ↑ 'Apprenticeship of Daniel Clarke, son of Thomas Clarke, to master Rowland Wynne, of the Mercer's company' in Records of London Livery Companies Online, Apprentices and Freemen 1400-1900, web resource, accessed, 27/01/2017
  39. ↑ HCA 13/70 f.717v
  40. ↑ HCA 13/65 f.26r
  41. ↑ HCA 13/73 f.141v
  42. ↑ HCA 13/73 f.141v
  43. ↑ PROB 11/383/228 Will of James Baber, Merchant of Hamburg 28 May 1686
  44. ↑ XXX, Passages from the diary of General Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries: A.D. 1635-A.D. 1699, vol. 30 (?Aberdeen, 1859), p. 60
  45. ↑ PROB 11/329 Coke 1-56 Will of Nathaniell Cambridge of Woodchester, Gloucestershire 25 February 1669; PROB 11/422 Box 187-224 Will of Nathaniel Cambridge, Clothier of Woodchester, Gloucestershire 16 August 1694
  46. ↑ A P Baggs, A R J Jurica and W J Sheils, 'Minchinhampton: Education', in A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 11, Bisley and Longtree Hundreds, ed. N M Herbert and R B Pugh (London, 1976), p. 205. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol11/p205 [accessed 26 January 2018].
  47. ↑ A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe (London, 1742), vol.3, p.606
  48. ↑ SP 82/7/f131 Henry Crispe to Walter Frost, Secretary to Council of State 1649 Aug 3
  49. ↑ http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/crispe-henry-1650-1700
  50. ↑ 'Cooote (or Cooth), Edward' in J R Woodhead, 'Cade - Cutler', in The Rulers of London 1660-1689 A Biographical Record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London (London, 1966), pp. 42-56. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-rulers/1660-89/pp42-56 [accessed 26 January 2018].
  51. ↑ PROB 11/240/613 Will of Henry Crispe, Haberdasher of London 30 May 1654
  52. ↑ HCA 13/68 f.115r
  53. ↑ PROB 11/380/42 Will of William Gore, Merchant, Bachelor of Hamburgh 06 May 1685
  54. ↑ PROB 11/403/311 Will of Robert Palmer, Merchant of London 18 February 1691
  55. ↑ A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe (London, 1742), vol.3, p.606
  56. ↑ 'The Company to John Bancks (at Hamburg), March 12, 1658', in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury (ed.), Calendar of Court Minutes of the East India Company, 1655-1659 (Oxford, 1916), p.239, accessed 27/01/2018
  57. ↑ 'Entry Book: September 1661', in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 1, 1660-1667, ed. William A Shaw (London, 1904), pp. 281-289. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol1/pp281-289 [accessed 27 January 2018].
  58. ↑ 'The Company to John Bancks (at Hamburg), March 12, 1658', in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury (ed.), Calendar of Court Minutes of the East India Company, 1655-1659 (Oxford, 1916), p.239, accessed 27/01/2018
  59. ↑ 'Entry Book: September 1661', in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 1, 1660-1667, ed. William A Shaw (London, 1904), pp. 281-289. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol1/pp281-289 [accessed 27 January 2018].
  60. ↑ 'The Company to John Bancks (at Hamburg), March 12, 1658', in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury (ed.), Calendar of Court Minutes of the East India Company, 1655-1659 (Oxford, 1916), p.239, accessed 27/01/2018
  61. ↑ 'The Company to John Bancks (at Hamburg), March 12, 1658', in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury (ed.), Calendar of Court Minutes of the East India Company, 1655-1659 (Oxford, 1916), p.239, accessed 27/01/2018
  62. ↑ 'Apprenticeship of Samuel Missenden, son ofSamuel Missenden, resident in Hamburg, to master William Gore, merchant adventurer, location unknown, of the Mercer's company' in Records of London Livery Companies Online, Apprentices and Freemen 1400-1900, web resource, accessed, 27/01/2017
  63. ↑ PROB 11/398/101 Will of Samuel Missenden, Deputy Governor of the Right Worshipful fellowship of Merchant Adventurers of England of Hamburg 18 January 1690
  64. ↑ Tobias Payne, 'A short abstract of the course of my life', in John Demos, Remarkable Providences: Readings on Early American History (Boston, 1972. 1991), pp.211-217, accessed 27/01/2018
  65. ↑ Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution (Princeton, 1993), p.432, accessed 31/01/2018
  66. ↑ Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution (Princeton, 1993), p.432, accessed 31/01/2018
  67. ↑ Tai Liu, Puritan London: A Study of Religion and Society in the City Parishes (Newark, 1986), p.78, accessed 31/01/2018
  68. ↑ HL/PO/JO/10/1/168
  69. ↑ Thomas S. Willan, The Inland Trade: Studies in English Internal Trade in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Manchester, 1976), p.134, accessed 31/01/2018
  70. ↑ The Annals of the Barber Surgeons, compiled from their sources, by Sydney Young, One of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipfull Company of Barbers of London, with Illustrations by Austin T. Young (XXXX, ?1890), no pag.
  71. ↑ 'A General Court, April 20, 1671 (Court Book, vol. xxvii, p. 232), in Ethel Bruce Sainsbury (ed.), A Calendar of the Court Minutes of the East India Company, 1671-1673 (Oxford, 1932), p.30, accessed 31/01/2018
  72. ↑ HCA 15/6 unfol.
  73. ↑ HCA 13/70 f.375r
  74. ↑ HCA 13/71 f.626v
  75. ↑ 'Hearth Tax: City of London 1666: St Pancras Soper Lane ', London Hearth Tax: City of London and Middlesex, 1666 (2011), accessed 31/01/2018
  76. ↑ Robert Brenner, Merchants and Revolution (Princeton, 1993), p.432, accessed 31/01/2018
  77. ↑ EEBO text Creation Partnership, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A87438.0001.001
  78. ↑ '22 February 1644: Ordinance for Importation of Bullion' in 'House of Lords Journal Volume 6: 22 February 1644', Journal of the House of Lords: volume 6: 1643 (1767-1830), pp. 436-439. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=37458 Date accessed: 30 November 2011
  79. ↑ '14 September 1644 Ordinance securing to Nathan Wright, Francis Lenthall, and George Henly, merchants, the sum of £5,000 lent by them for the defence of Plymouth, Poole, and Lyme Regis'. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ordinances_and_Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660, viewed 29/11/11; see also TNA, E 122/236/14 MISCELLANEOUS. Account of Nathan Wright and Francis Lentall "for 1/10th part more of the present custom and subsidy". 1643-45
  80. ↑ HCA 13/71 f.3v
  81. ↑ HCA 13/71 f.119r
  82. ↑ The Annals of the Barber Surgeons, compiled from their sources, by Sydney Young, One of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipfull Company of Barbers of London, with Illustrations by Austin T. Young (XXXX, ?1890), no pag.
  83. ↑ PROB 11/211/589 Will of John Peacock or Peacocke, Grocer of London 01 March 1650
  84. ↑ HCA 13/72 f.669r
  85. ↑ PROB 11/240/592 Will of Samuell Penoyer, Merchant of London 12 May 1654
  86. ↑ PROB 11/335/241 Will of William Pennoyer of London 13 February 1671
  87. ↑ PROB 11/344/529 Will of Martha Pennoyer, Widow of London 29 July 1674
  88. ↑ PROB 11/325 Carr 117-176 Will of Sir Thomas Rich of Sonning, Berkshire 20 November 1667
  89. ↑ HCA 13/71 f.195r
  90. ↑ PROB 11/318/84 Will of Sir Martin Noell of London 06 October 1665
  91. ↑ PROB 11/318/92 Will of Dame Elizabeth Noell, Widow of London 06 October 1665
  92. ↑ HCA 13/65 f.45v
  93. ↑ http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I68741&tree=London, viewed 01/12/11
  94. ↑ 'Withers, Tower Ward, Joseph Jackson Howard (ed.), The visitation of London, 1633-1637 (London, 1883), p. 360; http://www.archive.org/stream/visitationoflond17howa#page/n369/mode/2up, viewed 07/12/11
  95. ↑ 'Withers, Tower Ward, Joseph Jackson Howard (ed.), The visitation of London, 1633-1637 (London, 1883), p. 360; http://www.archive.org/stream/visitationoflond17howa#page/n369/mode/2up, viewed 07/12/11); MS. p. 92a., in T.C. Dale (ed.), 'Inhabitants of London in 1638: St. Dunstans in the East', The inhabitants of London in 1638 (?London, 1931), pp. 49-52. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=32005 Date accessed: 07 December 2011
  96. ↑ PROB 11/331 Coke 108–166 Will of Nathanaell Withers, Merchant Tailor of London 15 September 1669; 'Hearth Tax: City of London 1666: St Giles (without) Cripplegate : Goat Alley', London Hearth Tax: City of London and Middlesex, 1666 (2011). URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=118686 Date accessed: 07 December 2011
  97. ↑ Clode, Charles M., The early history of the Guild of Merchant Taylors of the Fraternity of St. John the Baptist, London, with notices of the lives of some of its eminent members, pt. 2 - the lives (London, 1888), pp. 347-348. See http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofgu00cloduoft#page/347/mode/1up, viewed 01/12/11
  98. ↑ TNA, PROB 4/8600 Withers, Nathaniel, the elder of St Giles without Cripplegate, Citizen and Merchant Taylor of London, 1670 13 Aug (1669)
  99. ↑ William Dashwood was possibly William Dashwood, brewer and merchant, eight heraths, 'White Lion Yard, White lyon yd,' in St Giles without Cripplegate ('White Lyon yard,' in 'Hearth Tax: City of London 1666: St Giles (without) Cripplegate : White Lion Yard', London Hearth Tax: City of London and Middlesex, 1666 (2011), viewed 21/02/12); (PROB 4/16781 Dashwood, William, of the City of London ob. at Chesthunt, Herts. 1680 2 Feb.; see 'June 6, 1667: William Dashwood, brewer; nominated by Alderman Sir W. Bolton (Lord Mayor) and Sir J. Frederick, J. Baron. Sworn and discharged June 18, 1667; fine of £300 and 20 marks (Rep. 72, fo. 120) ('Vintry Ward,' in Alfred P. Beaven, 'Aldermen of the City of London: Vintry ward', The Aldermen of the City of London: Temp. Henry III - 1912 (1908), pp. 205-215, viewed 21/02712)
  100. ↑ PROB 11/334 Penn 129-184 Will of John Warner, Merchant Tailor of Saint Giles without Cripplegate, Middlesex 11 November 1670; 'John Warner 7 hearths,' in 'Rose Alley,' 'Hearth Tax: City of London 1666: St Giles (without) Cripplegate : Rose alley', 'London Hearth Tax: City of London and Middlesex, 1666 (2011), viewed 21/02/12
  101. ↑ For tobacco, see Michael Tepper (ed.), New World immigrants: a consolidation of ship passenger lists and associated data from periodical literature, vol. 1 (XXXX, Reprint 1988), pp. 96-108; For Alicante activities see, for example, [380] London. Nathaniel Withers (Alicante, 18-7-1649)' in José Ignacio Martínez Ruiz, Perry Gauci, Mercaderes ingleses en Alicante en el siglo XVII: estudio y edición de la correspondencia comercial de Richard Houncell & Co (Alicante, 2008), pp. 231-? CHECK
  102. ↑ Dorothy Olivia Shilton, Richard Holsworth, High Court of Admiralty examinations (ms. vol. 53) 1637-1638 (?London, 1932), p. 176, 199, 250; C 6/44/99 Withers v Knapp. Plaintiffs: Nathaniel Withers. Defendants: Thomas Knapp. Subject: assurance policy, Middlesex. Document type: bill, answer. 1650; C 5/396/182 Withers v. Limbrey 1654
  103. ↑ 'Friday, the 9th of January 1651...Merchants complaints...The Case of Samuel Mico of London, Merchant' in 'House of Commons Journal Volume 7: 9 January 1652', Journal of the House of Commons, vol.7: 1651-1660 (London, 1802), pp. 65-67. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=23929 Date accessed: 07 December 2011
  104. ↑ PROB 11/331 Coke 108–166 Will of Nathanaell Withers, Merchant Tailor of London 15 September 1669
  105. ↑ PROB 4/8600 Inventory of Nathaniel Withers the elder, 1669
  106. ↑ John Roberts Boyle, Frederick Walter Dendy, Extracts from the records of the Merchant Adventurers of Newcastle-Upon_Tyne, vol. 2 (Durham, 1899), accessed 27/01/2018
  107. ↑ Heinrich Hitzigrath, Die Kompagnie der Merchants Adventurers und die Englische Kirchengemeinde in Hamburg, 1611-1835 (Hamburg, 1904), accessed 27/01/2018

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